Best Practices for Installing Solar PV Weather Stations

Quick Answer

A solar PV weather station should be installed in a location that accurately represents the operating environment of the PV array.

The most important installation requirements are:

Align the plane-of-array irradiance sensor with the same tilt and azimuth as the PV modules.
Keep irradiance sensors free from shading, reflections, dust traps, and nearby obstructions.
Attach module temperature sensors firmly to the rear surface of representative PV modules.
Install wind and rainfall sensors where mounting structures and nearby objects will not distort measurements.
Protect the data logger, power supply, communication equipment, and terminals inside a suitable outdoor cabinet.
Verify sensor readings, timestamps, communication, and data units before commissioning the station.

Even a high-accuracy sensor can produce unreliable data when it is installed in the wrong location or at the wrong angle.

Why PV Weather Station Installation Affects Data Quality

A PV weather station does more than record local weather. It provides the environmental data needed to explain how a solar power plant is performing.

Typical measurements include:

Plane-of-array irradiance
Global horizontal irradiance
PV module temperature
Ambient temperature and humidity
Wind speed and direction
Rainfall
Atmospheric pressure
Rear-side irradiance for bifacial PV projects
Soiling conditions

These measurements may be used for:

Performance ratio calculations
Energy yield analysis
Fault identification
Cleaning schedule optimization
Thermal loss analysis
Warranty verification
Operation and maintenance planning

The quality of calculated PV performance indicators depends directly on the accuracy, completeness, consistency, and reliability of the input data. A poorly positioned irradiance sensor or a loose module temperature probe can create misleading performance results, even when the sensor itself is functioning correctly.

For example, an irradiance sensor that is only a few degrees away from the plane of the PV modules may measure a different solar resource from the one actually received by the array. Similarly, a temperature sensor that is not in full contact with the module surface may respond more to ambient air than to module temperature.

Installation should therefore be treated as part of the measurement system—not simply as a mechanical task completed after the equipment arrives.

For projects requiring integrated irradiance, temperature, wind, rainfall, data acquisition, and remote communication, explore the PV Plant Weather Station.

1. Choose a Representative Installation Location

The first step in solar weather station installation is selecting a location that represents the actual conditions experienced by the PV array.

A convenient location is not always a representative location.

The station should not be placed simply because it is close to a control room, access road, inverter station, or available mounting pole. These locations may be affected by shade, reflected heat, dust, vehicle movement, structures, or unusual airflow.

A suitable location should:

Receive solar exposure similar to the monitored PV array.
Be free from routine shading throughout the day and year.
Avoid shadows from module rows, poles, fences, buildings, trees, antennas, and communication equipment.
Be accessible for inspection, cleaning, and calibration.
Be protected from construction traffic and accidental impact.
Allow secure cable routing and grounding.
Represent the same terrain, elevation, dust exposure, and microclimate as the monitored section of the plant.

For a large utility-scale solar farm, one weather station may not be enough. Different sections of the site can experience different cloud cover, terrain effects, wind conditions, soiling levels, or tracker positions.The number and distribution of monitoring points should be determined by plant size, terrain, array orientation, tracker layout, and local microclimate. For a broader site-planning method, see how to design weather monitoring points for IoT projects.

Larger installations and projects with multiple mounting configurations may require several irradiance sensors or monitoring stations to capture spatial differences across the site.

Avoid installing the station:

Directly beside a reflective metal cabinet
Under overhead cables
Near exhaust outlets or ventilation equipment
At the lowest point of a flood-prone area
Immediately beside a dusty access road
Behind a row of modules that creates morning or afternoon shade
Where routine maintenance requires technicians to step over sensors or cables

Before finalizing the location, conduct a simple shading assessment and check the solar path for both summer and winter conditions.

2. Best Practices for Irradiance Sensor Installation

Irradiance is one of the most important inputs in PV performance monitoring. A properly selected solar irradiance sensor for PV monitoring helps operators compare available solar energy with actual plant output.

PV systems may use several types of irradiance measurements:

Plane-of-array irradiance, or POA
Global horizontal irradiance, or GHI
Rear-side irradiance for bifacial modules
Diffuse horizontal irradiance
Direct normal irradiance for specialized applications

If you need a clearer explanation of sensor principles, measurement types, and their role in plant evaluation, read our guide to solar irradiance sensors for accurate PV performance monitoring.

Plane-of-array irradiance represents the total solar irradiance received on the same plane as the PV modules. Its value depends on array orientation, tilt, solar position, diffuse radiation, reflected radiation, and shading.

Align the POA sensor with the PV modules

For fixed-tilt PV arrays, the POA irradiance sensor should have:

The same tilt angle as the PV modules
The same azimuth as the PV modules
An unobstructed view of the sky
Exposure to the same shading and soiling environment as the monitored array

The sensor should be mounted co-planar with the PV array rather than merely attached to a nearby horizontal surface. POA irradiance is specifically measured with the pyranometer or reference cell positioned in the same plane as the PV modules.

Use a rigid, adjustable mounting bracket and verify the angle with a calibrated digital inclinometer. Do not rely only on visual alignment.

For projects using different module orientations—for example, east-facing and west-facing rooftop arrays—install a separate POA sensor for each major orientation.

Keep the sensor free from shade

Check for both permanent and temporary shading from:

PV module frames
Torque tubes
Tracker drives
Mounting poles
Cable trays
Lightning protection equipment
Antennas
Nearby sensors
Vegetation
Technician access platforms

A sensor may appear unshaded at midday but still be shaded in the early morning or late afternoon. Seasonal changes in the sun’s path should also be considered.

Avoid unwanted reflections

Do not install the sensor where nearby metal surfaces, glass, white walls, roofs, or other reflective objects can add abnormal reflected radiation.

The objective is to measure the solar resource received by the PV array, not the localized reflection created by surrounding equipment.

Ensure correct leveling for horizontal measurements

A GHI pyranometer should be installed horizontally and carefully leveled using the built-in bubble level or an appropriate leveling base.Projects requiring higher-grade solar radiation measurements can use a Class A pyranometer with RS485 output for integration with data loggers, SCADA systems, and PV weather stations.

Accurate leveling matters because pyranometers respond to the angle at which radiation reaches the sensing surface. Appropriate mounting bases commonly use bubble levels and adjustable screws to maintain the correct horizontal position.

After tightening the mounting bolts, check the level again. Tightening one side of the bracket can change the final angle.

Install sensors on trackers correctly

For single-axis tracking systems, the POA sensor should follow the same movement as the monitored tracker row.

Mount it to a structurally stable part of the tracker so that:

The sensor plane remains parallel to the module plane.
The bracket does not twist during movement.
The sensor does not shade the PV modules.
Cabling allows the full tracker range without stretching or abrasion.
The tracker structure does not block the sensor’s field of view.

For large tracker plants, consider how tracker mismatch, backtracking, terrain variation, and row-to-row differences may affect representativeness.

Plan for cleaning and inspection

Dust, bird droppings, frost, snow, water spots, and insect contamination can reduce irradiance readings.

The sensor should be easy to reach without requiring technicians to climb onto modules or disconnect cables. Establish an inspection and cleaning schedule appropriate for the local climate.

Use only manufacturer-approved cleaning materials. Abrasive tools or aggressive chemicals can damage a sensor dome or diffuser.

For accurate plane-of-array monitoring, see the [Solar Irradiance Sensor] designed for PV performance analysis and environmental monitoring.

3. How to Install PV Module Temperature Sensors

PV module temperature has a direct effect on electrical performance. A PV module temperature sensor is normally attached to the rear surface of a representative module to measure its real operating temperature.

The purpose of a module temperature sensor is to measure the operating temperature of a representative PV module—not the temperature of the surrounding air.

Select a representative module

Choose a module that reflects normal operating conditions within the monitored array.

Avoid modules that are:

At an unusually exposed row edge
Permanently shaded
Directly above a hot roof feature
Close to an inverter or ventilation outlet
Damaged or heavily soiled
Located in an area with abnormal airflow
Easy to access but unrepresentative of the array

For a large plant, use multiple module temperature sensors across representative blocks, orientations, or tracker zones.

Attach the sensor to the rear surface

The sensor should be installed on the backsheet or rear surface of the PV module according to the sensor manufacturer’s instructions.

General best practices include:

Clean and dry the installation area.
Position the sensor away from the module frame and junction box.
Ensure full thermal contact between the sensor and module surface.
Secure it with an appropriate thermally conductive adhesive, tape, or mounting pad.
Protect the sensor cable from movement and mechanical stress.
Avoid creating air gaps between the sensing element and the module.

A loose sensor can measure a mixture of module and ambient air temperature, producing unstable or consistently low readings.

Choose a suitable position on the module

A common approach is to position the sensor near the central region of the rear surface, away from the junction box, frame, and edges.

However, the final location should follow the module layout, sensor type, project specification, and applicable monitoring standard.

Do not attach the sensor directly over:

Junction boxes
Bypass diode areas
Frame members
Damaged backsheet sections
Cable connectors
Adhesive residues from previous sensors

Provide strain relief

Module movement, wind vibration, thermal expansion, tracker rotation, and maintenance work can pull on the cable.

Secure the cable close to the sensor to prevent the sensing element from being lifted away from the module. Use UV-resistant cable ties, clips, or conduit suitable for outdoor solar installations.

Do not pull cables tightly. Leave enough allowance for thermal movement and tracker operation.

Verify the reading after installation

Compare the module temperature reading with:

Nearby module temperature sensors
Ambient temperature
Irradiance conditions
Expected daytime temperature behavior

On a sunny day, module temperature will normally rise above ambient temperature. A sensor that remains close to ambient temperature under strong irradiance may have poor thermal contact or may not be attached to the intended surface.

Learn more about continuous module surface monitoring with the PV Module Temperature Sensor.

4. Wind Sensor Placement

Wind speed and wind direction data can support:

PV module temperature analysis
Structural load assessment
Tracker control
Extreme weather alarms
Cooling and heat-loss models
Site condition analysis

Wind sensors are especially sensitive to nearby obstructions.

Keep the sensor away from turbulence

Buildings, module rows, cabinets, fences, trees, and poles can create turbulent airflow and distorted readings.

Install the wind sensor:

Above or away from nearby obstacles
On a rigid vertical mast
Where airflow is as unobstructed as practical
Away from heat exhausts
Outside the wake created by large structures

The ideal mounting height depends on the measurement objective and project specification. A sensor used for plant microclimate analysis may be installed differently from one intended to represent a standardized meteorological measurement height.

Consistency is important. Record the final installation height and surrounding conditions in the commissioning documentation.

Orient the wind direction sensor correctly

Use a compass corrected for local magnetic declination, verified site coordinates, or another approved survey method to establish true north.

Do not assume that a mounting rail, building edge, or PV row is precisely aligned with north.

After orientation:

Confirm the wind vane moves freely.
Check that the north reference is correctly configured in the data logger.
Verify that cable routing does not restrict rotation.
Compare the reading with observed wind direction during commissioning.

5. Rain Gauge Placement

Rainfall data may help operators understand:

Natural module cleaning
Soiling changes
Storm events
Site drainage conditions
Maintenance access
Correlations between rain and power recovery

The rain gauge should be level, stable, and clear of splash or obstruction.

Installation recommendations

Install the gauge on a stable, vibration-free support.
Make sure the collector opening is horizontal.
Keep it away from roofs, module edges, trees, poles, and tall structures.
Avoid locations where water can splash into the collector.
Prevent cable routes from interfering with the tipping mechanism.
Use insect protection if recommended by the manufacturer.
Check that the funnel and drainage path are clear.

A tipping-bucket rain gauge that is not level can systematically undercount or overcount rainfall.

After installation, perform a controlled test using a known volume of water according to the manufacturer’s procedure. Confirm that each tip is recorded correctly by the data logger.

6. Ambient Temperature and Humidity Sensor Installation

Ambient temperature and humidity sensors must measure the surrounding air rather than direct solar heating.

Install these sensors inside a suitable radiation shield.

The shield should:

Protect the sensor from direct and reflected solar radiation
Allow adequate natural or forced ventilation
Reduce exposure to rain
Be installed away from hot cabinets and module backsheets
Be positioned where air can circulate freely

Do not mount an unshielded temperature sensor directly onto a metal pole. The pole can heat up in sunlight and create a false high-temperature reading.

Avoid installation immediately above:

Dark roofing materials
Concrete surfaces
Inverter exhausts
Transformer areas
Reflective metal cabinets

Document the installation height so that future replacement sensors can be installed consistently.

7. Bifacial PV Weather Station Installation

Bifacial PV projects require additional attention because energy is generated from both front-side and rear-side irradiance.

Rear-side irradiance depends on:

Ground albedo
Row spacing
Module height
Tracker position
Surface conditions
Shading from structural components
Terrain geometry
Snow or vegetation cover

A single rear-side sensor may not adequately represent a large or non-uniform bifacial array.

Rear-side sensor considerations

Install the sensor behind the module plane according to the monitoring design.
Avoid shade from torque tubes, rails, junction boxes, and cables.
Maintain the specified distance from the module.
Use multiple measurement positions when rear irradiance varies significantly.
Record the exact sensor geometry for future data interpretation.
Consider separate albedo monitoring where required.

Bifacial irradiance monitoring is more sensitive to local geometry than conventional front-side POA monitoring. Project developers should therefore define sensor positions before construction rather than improvising them during commissioning.

Floating PV projects introduce additional challenges such as humidity, corrosion, water-level variation, access limitations, and platform movement. These projects may require a dedicated floating solar monitoring station solution.

8. Data Logger and Outdoor Cabinet Installation

The data logger is the central point where sensor signals are collected, processed, stored, and transmitted.

A reliable installation must protect both data quality and equipment availability.

Select a suitable cabinet

The cabinet should provide protection appropriate for local conditions, including:

Rain and water ingress
Dust
Humidity and condensation
Solar heating
Corrosive environments
Insects
Unauthorized access
Cable strain
Electrical surges

Install the cabinet above expected flood or standing-water levels.

In hot climates, avoid placing it where it receives unnecessary direct afternoon sun. Use a sun shield, ventilation system, insulation, or climate control where required.

Separate signal and power wiring

Route low-level sensor signals separately from:

AC power cables
Inverter cables
Motor cables
Tracker power cables
High-current DC cables
Radio transmitters

This reduces the risk of electrical interference.

Use shielded cable where specified, and follow the manufacturer’s grounding instructions. Incorrect grounding at multiple points can introduce ground loops.

Label every cable

Each cable should be labeled at both ends with:

Sensor name
Channel number
Station ID
Cable destination

Clear labels reduce commissioning time and make future troubleshooting much easier.

Also maintain a wiring diagram inside the cabinet or in the digital project documentation.

Provide surge and lightning protection

PV plants are exposed sites where long cable runs can collect surge energy.

The installation plan should consider:

Signal-line surge protection
Power-line surge protection
Mast grounding
Cabinet grounding
Cable shielding
Lightning protection coordination
Communication port protection

Grounding and surge protection should follow local electrical codes, project requirements, and the equipment manufacturer’s recommendations.

Confirm the power supply

Before connecting sensors, verify:

Input voltage
Power polarity
Peak current requirements
Solar power and battery sizing, where applicable
Backup operating time
Charging controller settings
Fuse ratings
Low-voltage protection

A weather station may work normally during sunny commissioning conditions but fail at night or during extended cloudy weather if its battery and solar power system are undersized.

Where a project requires an integrated station rather than individually assembled sensors, the solar PV weather station with irradiance monitoring combines key meteorological and module-related parameters in one monitoring system.

9. Communication and Data Configuration

PV weather stations may communicate through:

RS485 Modbus
Ethernet
4G LTE
LoRaWAN
Wi-Fi
Fiber networks
MQTT
Private cloud platforms
SCADA systems

For data mapping, protocol selection, platform connectivity, and system architecture, see our guide to integrating PV weather stations with SCADA and cloud platforms.

Physical installation is only complete when data arrives correctly at the intended platform.

Configure each sensor carefully

Check:

Device address
Communication protocol
Baud rate
Parity and stop bits
Register mapping
Engineering units
Decimal position
Sampling interval
Storage interval
Upload interval
Alarm threshold
Time zone
Time synchronization

A common integration error is receiving technically valid data in the wrong unit—for example, interpreting temperature as a raw integer or rainfall totals as rainfall intensity.

Use a consistent timestamp

All station data should use a clearly defined time reference.

Confirm:

Local time or UTC
Daylight saving time behavior
Network time synchronization
Data logger clock accuracy
Timestamp location in the data packet
Handling of communication outages

Consistent timestamps are essential when weather data is compared with inverter, meter, tracker, and SCADA data.

Maintain local data storage

Where possible, configure the logger to store data locally during communication interruptions.

Once the connection is restored, the system should be able to upload historical records without creating duplicate or disordered data.

10. Recommended Sampling and Logging Strategy

Fast sampling captures short-term variation, while the logging interval determines how frequently processed values are stored.

The best configuration depends on:

Sensor response time
Plant monitoring requirements
Performance calculation method
SCADA capacity
Communication bandwidth
Storage capacity
Contractual or regulatory requirements

For example, an irradiance sensor may be sampled more frequently than the final averaging interval. The logger can then calculate average, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, or totalized values.

Do not use a long upload interval as a substitute for proper local sampling. A station that uploads once every 15 minutes can still sample sensors more frequently and transmit calculated results.

Before commissioning, verify that the averaging method used by the weather station is compatible with the method used for plant power and energy data.

11. Common PV Weather Station Installation Mistakes

Many data-quality problems can be traced back to a small number of installation errors.

Mistake 1: Installing the POA sensor horizontally

A horizontal irradiance sensor does not represent the irradiance received by a tilted PV array.

Better approach: Align the POA sensor with the same tilt and azimuth as the modules.For applications where the monitoring response should closely reflect crystalline silicon PV modules, a silicon irradiance sensor for PV performance monitoring may also be considered.

Mistake 2: Mounting the sensor according to the support frame rather than the module plane

Mounting structures are not always perfectly parallel to the modules.

Better approach: Measure the actual module angle and align the sensor independently.

Mistake 3: Ignoring seasonal shading

A sensor that is clear in summer may be shaded in winter.

Better approach: Review the full annual solar path before finalizing the mounting position.

Mistake 4: Installing a module temperature sensor near the frame

Module edges may have different thermal behavior from the central module area.

Better approach: Select a representative rear-surface position away from the frame and junction box.

Mistake 5: Leaving an air gap beneath the temperature sensor

Poor contact causes slow or inaccurate temperature response.

Better approach: Ensure full contact and use the specified attachment material.

Mistake 6: Installing wind sensors beside a cabinet or module row

Nearby structures disturb airflow.

Better approach: Use a clear mounting position with minimal turbulence.

Mistake 7: Failing to level the rain gauge

A tilted rain gauge can produce systematic measurement errors.

Better approach: Level the gauge during installation and recheck it after tightening.

Mistake 8: Routing sensor cables with high-power cables

Electrical noise can affect sensor or communication signals.

Better approach: Separate signal and power wiring and follow grounding requirements.

Mistake 9: Forgetting strain relief

Cable movement can loosen terminals or detach surface sensors.

Better approach: Secure cables near each sensor while allowing for thermal and mechanical movement.

Mistake 10: Commissioning the hardware without checking the data

A powered sensor is not necessarily producing correct data.

Better approach: Validate readings, units, timestamps, communication status, and expected environmental relationships.

12. Commissioning Checklist

Complete the following checks before accepting the PV weather station.

Mechanical checks

All masts, brackets, and cabinets are securely fixed.
Sensor angles match the approved drawings.
The POA sensor matches the module tilt and azimuth.
Horizontal pyranometers and rain gauges are level.
Module temperature sensors have full surface contact.
Tracker-mounted cables move freely.
All connectors are weatherproof.
Cables have suitable strain relief.
No sensor is shaded by the mounting structure.
The station is accessible for maintenance.

Electrical checks

Supply voltage and polarity are correct.
Grounding connections are complete.
Surge protection is installed.
Cable shields are terminated correctly.
Signal and power cables are separated.
Fuses and breakers are correctly rated.
Battery voltage and charging status are normal.
Cabinet terminals are labeled.

Data checks

Every sensor is reporting.
Values use the correct engineering units.
Device addresses match the configuration file.
Timestamps are correct.
Sampling and logging intervals are correct.
Data reaches the cloud or SCADA platform.
Local storage works during a communication interruption.
Alarm thresholds are configured.
Historical records can be retrieved.
Sensor readings are physically reasonable.

13. Validate the Data Before Leaving the Site

A final data validation can identify installation problems that visual inspection misses.

Compare related measurements

Review relationships between:

POA irradiance and PV power
GHI and POA irradiance
Module temperature and ambient temperature
Module temperature and irradiance
Wind speed and module cooling
Rainfall and soiling recovery
Front-side and rear-side irradiance
Multiple sensors installed at the same site

For example:

Module temperature should generally rise as irradiance increases.
PV power should broadly follow irradiance during normal operation.
Two similarly positioned irradiance sensors should show similar patterns.
A POA sensor should not remain at zero while the plant is generating normally.
Rainfall totals should not increase on a dry day.

Check data during different conditions

A single midday test is not enough.

Where possible, review data during:

Sunrise
Midday
Sunset
Tracker movement
Cloud transitions
High-wind periods
Rainfall events
Nighttime operation
Communication outages

This helps reveal shading, tracker cable problems, timestamp errors, unstable power supplies, and abnormal nighttime offsets.

14. Maintenance After Installation

Accurate PV monitoring requires continued maintenance.

Create a maintenance plan covering:

Sensor cleaning
Visual inspection
Level and angle verification
Cable and connector inspection
Cabinet sealing
Grounding inspection
Battery testing
Data-gap review
Sensor comparison
Calibration
Vegetation control
Firmware and configuration backup

Compare measured irradiance with expected clear-sky behavior over time. Persistent deviation can indicate sensor drift, contamination, shading, alignment changes, or calibration problems. Comparing sensor data with modeled irradiance during clear periods is one method used to identify drift and abnormal measurements.

Calibration frequency should follow the sensor manufacturer’s recommendations, the project monitoring class, and contractual requirements. Some high-quality monitoring practices call for periodic recalibration of irradiance sensors, with the interval depending on sensor class and application.

Keep records of every maintenance action, including:

Date
Technician
Sensor ID
Work completed
Calibration information
Before-and-after readings
Photos
Configuration changes

These records are valuable when investigating long-term performance changes.

FAQ

What is the most important rule for PV weather station installation?

The most important rule is to install every sensor where it represents the conditions experienced by the PV array. For plane-of-array irradiance, this means matching the tilt and orientation of the PV modules and avoiding shade or abnormal reflections.

Where should a solar irradiance sensor be installed?

A POA irradiance sensor should be installed in an unshaded, representative location with the same tilt and azimuth as the monitored PV modules. A GHI sensor should normally be installed horizontally and carefully leveled.

Does every PV plant need a weather station?

A weather station is particularly valuable when the plant operator needs to calculate performance ratio, identify environmental causes of underperformance, evaluate thermal losses, manage cleaning, verify warranties, or compare actual output with available solar resource.

The number and type of stations depend on plant size, terrain, module orientation, tracker design, climate, and monitoring objectives.

How many irradiance sensors are needed for a solar farm?

There is no single number suitable for every project. A small, uniform site may use one representative measurement location, while a large site with different terrains, orientations, tracker blocks, or microclimates may require several sensors or weather stations.For rooftop arrays and geographically distributed generation sites, a compact PV weather monitoring station for distributed solar plants can provide localized data for each representative site.

Where should a PV module temperature sensor be placed?

It is generally attached firmly to the rear surface of a representative PV module, away from the frame, module edge, and junction box. The exact position and attachment method should follow the sensor manufacturer’s instructions and project monitoring requirements.

Why is my module temperature reading close to ambient temperature?

Possible reasons include poor contact with the module, an air gap beneath the sensor, installation on the wrong surface, shading, a loose cable, incorrect channel configuration, or a failed sensor.

Should a weather station be installed near the control room?

Only when the control-room area represents the same environmental conditions as the PV array. Convenience should not take priority over representative measurement.

How often should irradiance sensors be cleaned?

Cleaning frequency depends on local dust, rainfall, snow, bird activity, agriculture, construction, and industrial pollution. Sensors should be inspected frequently enough to prevent contamination from creating a meaningful measurement bias.

Can one POA sensor monitor east- and west-facing arrays?

One sensor cannot accurately represent two significantly different array orientations. Install a separate POA sensor for each major tilt or azimuth group when their irradiance conditions differ.

What should be tested during commissioning?

Test sensor readings, engineering units, timestamps, data logger channels, communication, local storage, power backup, alarms, cable movement, grounding, and the relationship between weather data and PV output.

Final Takeaway

Reliable PV performance monitoring begins with correct installation.

A well-designed weather station can still deliver poor data when:

The irradiance sensor is installed at the wrong angle.
The module temperature sensor has poor thermal contact.
The wind sensor is affected by turbulence.
The rain gauge is not level.
The logger uses incorrect units or timestamps.
Sensors are difficult to inspect and maintain.

The best installation is not necessarily the most convenient one. It is the installation that produces representative, traceable, and maintainable data throughout the operating life of the PV plant.

JW-IoT provides configurable PV environmental monitoring solutions that can integrate irradiance, PV module temperature, ambient weather, wind, rainfall, soiling, data logging, RS485 Modbus, 4G LTE, LoRaWAN, MQTT, API, and cloud-platform communication.